A: Some participants might join through their health care provider organizations while others might sign up directly through JoinAllofUs.org or our app. Everyone who joins will go through a consent process to be sure participants are well-informed about the program before they join. If they say yes, they’ll be invited to do other activities. These could include answering surveys, giving blood and urine samples, and even sharing data from wearable devices. We’ll also ask participants to give access to their electronic health records, which are an essential component of the data we’re collecting.

The information participants choose to share will flow into the data resource that researchers can use to study many different topics in health and disease. Participants will also have access to their own information. We’ll be piloting ways to return this information to them responsibly and thoughtfully.

We also ask our participants for feedback on their experience in the program so that we can make adjustments based on input. Our program is focused on using a user-centered design approach, which means being in touch with our participants and other stakeholders, such as researchers. To take this one step further, we have opportunities for participants to engage in the planning and design of the study–already many actual participants are part of our leadership committees.

All of Us is a long journey, and we hope to collect data from participants over decades. The more information participants share, the more they may learn about themselves. Of course, participants can choose to withdraw at any time, and we will always respect their decision.

A: All of Us is working with providers from across the country to ensure that they understand the research program and are prepared to help their patients make a decision about enrolling. We will continue to engage with all types of providers as the program continues to grow. However, this is a research program and doesn’t necessarily work directly with participants’ primary physician. We do not share any information with participants’ providers or others in their lives. We are working on ways to make it easier for participants to share what they learn from All of Us with their providers, if they so choose.

A: (See previous response)

A: All of Us takes data privacy and security very seriously. Our Director, Eric Dishman, just wrote an op-ed on this very topic, as we know this is top of mind for most people as they try to make a decision about enrolling.

Any time you share information, there is a risk, but we have taken many steps to keep participants’ data safe. Here are a few of them:

• All of Us has a Certificate of Confidentiality from the U.S. government. This helps the program fight legal demands (such as a court order) to give out information that could identify participants.

• We use the best available security technologies and are constantly testing and monitoring our systems to find and improve any weak points.

• Participant data is stored on protected computers. We limit and track who can access this data.

• We remove names and other direct identifiers (like Social Security numbers) from participant records and replace them with codes. There is a master list linking codes to names. This list is kept secure, and very few people have access to it.

• Researchers who want to access the database are required to sign an agreement stating that they will not attempt to identify any participants.

• Participants will be notified if there is a breach that compromises their data.

You can read more about our efforts to safeguard participant data in our Privacy and Trust Principles and Data Security Policy and Framework.

A: Achieving a demographically, geographically, and medically diverse participant community is a top priority for us. That’s because data from a diverse participant community will fill gaps in our scientific knowledge and give everyone the chance to benefit from biomedical research. We’ve spent the last year building relationships from coast to coast with partners who can help us reach diverse communities. These communities include people who haven’t taken part in research—often because they’ve never been asked—or may be hesitant to. Our partners are helping us build trust in these communities and educate them about the value of research and the role of the All of Us Research Program in creating a healthier future for all of us.

A: We estimate that enrolling and collecting data from one million people will take about five to six years, but this depends on a lot of things. The scale and scope of this study and the design make it unique. We’ll be learning a lot as we go. We’re very happy with how enrollment is going so far, and we expect these numbers to continue to increase.

A: The data resource is under construction now and will launch within the next year, when it has enough initial data to be useful for research. The resource will grow quickly as more participants enroll and contribute data. We expect that within just a few years, it could be used to study complex risk factors, support ancillary studies and clinical trials, and link to other large data sets.

A: We can’t know for sure when outcomes from the All of Us Research Program will translate into changes in clinical care, but we’re optimistic that the program has a lot to offer in that regard.

A: I wish we could predict medical advances, but there’s no crystal ball. We do know that for so many medical breakthroughs and precision medicine research questions, large and diverse cohorts are essential; data has been too siloed with limited access to some of our brightest minds. We will only start to answer some of the most vexing questions about human health when we start sharing more data, engage participants as partners, and open access to all sorts of researchers to work as teams on a rich data set.

A: We’re building what may be one of the largest datasets in human history and making it accessible to a broad swath of researchers, from citizen scientists to scientists with lots of experience in biomedical research in academia, the private sector, and from all parts of the globe, offering them clean, curated, rich data from a huge, diverse cohort. To get access, researchers will need to get approved (we’ll approve the researcher, not the project), abide by a code of conduct, prove their identity, take ethics training, and agree to describe all of the projects they start up once they have access to the data.

Only researchers approved by the All of Us Research Program will be allowed to see data from individual participants. Researchers who can see individual participant data will not be able to see names or other information that could identify someone directly.

We’ll maintain a public list on the All of Us website of every researcher accessing the data resource so participants can see who’s using their data and how.

A: (See previous response)

A: We’ve learned a lot from these efforts. We’ve been actively involved in meetings with international and domestic cohort studies. Advances in precision medicine will depend on leveraging all of them, including the data they’ve collected and the insights they’ve gathered. We believe it’s better to have more data and more collaborations and will be looking for opportunities to partner.

A: There’s so much we want to do, and creating a roadmap for these collaborative opportunities is one of them. Right now, though, we’re really focused on continuing to excite and engage potential participants about the program. The data they share will make everything else possible.

A: Every element of the All of Us Research Program is carefully considered and evidence based. We’re currently working on developing a set of scientific priorities to help determine which kinds of data to collect and how. We’ve solicited ideas from the scientific community, participants, and the public to ensure that what we do can be useful and meaningful for researchers and, eventually, health care.